La expedición Balmis en el Suplementoa la Gazeta de Madrid (14 de octubrede 1806), difusión hispana / he Balmis expedition in the Supplement to the Gazeta de Madrid (October 14, 1806), Hispanic diffusion

Gazeta de Madrid publicó un Suplemento el 14 de octubre de 1806 dando noticia de la llegada y recepción al Director de la Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna, Francisco Xavier Balmis, por parte del Rey Carlos IV. Había finalizado su periplo dando la vuelta al mundo por los territorios españoles de ultramar, llevando la vacuna contra la viruela brazo a brazo con la ayuda de una cadena humana de niños, creando Juntas de Vacunación e intentando encontrar vacas concowpox. La publicación refrendó las políticas de una monarquía borbónica en decadencia y significó el momento álgido de la carrera profesional de Balmis. Ambas partes ganaban: la Corona publicitándose como financiadora y organizadora del viaje altruista en línea con expediciones científicas anteriores; Balmis pasando a la historia de la Salud Pública como director de la primera campaña internacional de vacunación. No fue el final de la expedición, ya que el resto de los expedicionarios aún seguían vacunando en Filipinas y América del Sur. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la importancia de la Gazeta de Madrid como periódico, describir los contenidos de la noticia, verificar el origen de las fuentes documentales que apoyaron su redacción y comprobar el impacto y citas que tuvo a lo largo del siglo XIX en publicaciones en idioma español. Los componentes de la noticia, su proveniencia, así como la participación de Balmis en su redacción han quedado probados. La importancia del Suplemento estribó en su utilidad como recurso para recordar y poner en valor la expedición.(AU)

The Madrid Gazette published a Supplement on October 14, 1806, regarding the arrival of the Director of the Royal Expedition Vaccine Philanthropy, Francisco Xavier Balmis, and the reception held by King Carlos IV. Balmis had completed his journey across the Spanish overseas territories, taking the vaccine against smallpox from arm to arm with the help of a human chain of children. During this journey, Balmis also established Vaccination Boards and endeavoured to identify cows with cowpox. The publication endorsed the policies of a declining Bourbon monarchy and marked the peak of Balmis’ professional career. Both sides emerged victorious: the Crown showcased itself as the sponsor and organiser of this altruistic journey, in line with prior scientific expeditions; and Balmis secured his place in Public Health history as the director of the first international vaccination campaign. This did not mean the culmination of the expedition, as other members were still administering vaccinations in the Philippines and South America. The main objective of this study was to assess the importance of the newspaper Madrid Gazette, outline the contents of the publication, authenticate the origins of the documentary sources underpinning its composition, and confirm its impact and citations throughout 19 th -century Spanish publications. The components of the publication, its origins, as well as Balmis’ involvement in its creation, have been substantiated. The Supplement’s importance is defined by its utility as a resource for commemorating and appreciating the expedition.(AU)

Vacinas e desinformação: uma análise de conteúdo sobre fake newsapuradas por plataformas de debunkingem redes sociais / Vaccines and disinformation: a content analysis on fake news verified by debunking platforms on social networks / Vacunas y desinformación: un análisis de contenidos sobre fake news verificadas por las plataformas de debunking en las redes sociales

O impacto das fake news chegou à área da saúde e a desconfiança em relação às vacinas trouxe de volta doenças até então erradicadas. Mas como os discursos antivacinasão construídos nas redes sociais? Neste trabalho, 80fake news com foco nas vacinas foram coletadas de sites brasileiros que realizam debunking, uma estratégia de detecção e desmascaramento de desinformação e fake news. A partir da aplicação de um protocolo analítico, mapeamos as principais características presentes na elaboração dessas publicações. A análise de conteúdo revelou que o Facebook e o WhatsApp são as redes preferidas para esse tipo de compartilhamento. Cerca de 59% dos conteúdos são totalmente falsos e a maioria dos discursos destaca possíveis riscos das vacinas como estratégias de convencimento. As fontes mais referenciadas são supostamente médicos e cientistas, para criar confiabilidade. O levantamento aponta ainda que 60% das publicações apresentaram erros gramaticais e ortográficos na elaboração dos textos

The impact of fake news reached the health area and distrust in relation to vaccines brought back diseases that had been eradicated. But how are these anti-vaccine discourses constructed in social medias? In this paper, 80 fake news stories focusing on vaccines were collected through Brazilian websites that perform debunking, a strategy for detecting and unmasking misinformation and fake news. From the application of an analytical protocol, the main characteristics present in the elaboration of these publications were mapped. Content analysis revealed that Facebook and WhatsApp are the preferred medias for this type of sharing. About 59% of the contents are totally false and most of the speeches highlight the risks of vaccines as a convincing strategy. The most referenced sources are supposedly doctors and scientists to create re-liability. The survey also points out that 60% of publications have grammatical and spelling errors in the preparation of texts

El impacto de las fake news llegó al área de la salud y la desconfianza en las vacunas trajo de vuelta enfermedades erradicadas. Pero, ¿cómo se construyen los discursos antivacunas en las redes sociales? En este trabajo, se recopilaron 80 noticias falsas centradas en vacunas a través de sitios web brasileños que realizan debunking, una estrategia para detectar y desenmascarar información errónea y noticias falsas. A partir de la aplicación de un protocolo analítico, mapeamos las principales características presentes en la elaboración de estas publicaciones. El análisis de contenido reveló que Facebook y WhatsApp son las redes preferidas para este tipo de intercambio. Alrededor del 59% del contenido es completamente falso y la mayoría destaca los posibles riesgos de las vacunas como estrategias convincentes. Las fuentes más referenciadas son supuestamente médicos y científicos para crear confiabilidad. La encuesta señala que el 60% de las publicaciones tenían errores gramaticales y ortográficos

Fauci looks back-and ahead.

Loved and hated, NIAID's chief plots life after government.

Pandemics: Historically Slow "Learning Curve" Leading to Biomedical Informatics and Vaccine Breakthroughs.

BACKGROUND: The worldwide tragedy of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic vividly demonstrates just how inadequate mitigation and control of the spread of infectious diseases can be when faced with a new microorganism with unknown pathogenic effects. Responses by governments in charge of public health, and all other involved organizations, have proved largely wanting. Data infrastructure and the information and communication systems needed to deal with the pandemic have likewise not been up to the task. Nevertheless, after a year of the worldwide outbreak, hope arises from this being the first major pandemic event in history where genomic and related biosciences - relying on biomedical informatics - have been essential in decoding the viral sequence data and producing the mRNA and other biotechnologies that unexpectedly rapidly have led to investigation, design, development, and testing of useful vaccines. Medical informatics may also help support public health actions and clinical interventions - but scalability and impact will depend on overcoming ingrained human shortcomings to deal with complex socio-economic, political, and technological disruptions together with the many ethical challenges presented by pandemics. OBJECTIVES: The principal goal is to review the history of biomedical information and healthcare practices related to past pandemics in order to illustrate just how exceptional and dependent on biomedical informatics are the recent scientific insights into human immune responses to viral infection, which are enabling rapid antiviral vaccine development and clinical management of severe cases - despite the many societal challenges ahead. METHODS: This paper briefly reviews some of the key historical antecedents leading up to modern insights into epidemic and pandemic processes with their biomedical and healthcare information intended to guide practitioners, agencies, and the lay public in today's ongoing pandemic events. CONCLUSIONS: Poor scientific understanding and excessively slow learning about infectious disease processes and mitigating behaviors have stymied effective treatment until the present time. Advances in insights about immune systems, genomes, proteomes, and all the other -omes, became a reality thanks to the key sequencing technologies and biomedical informatics that enabled the Human Genome Project, and only now, 20 years later, are having an impact in ameliorating devastating zoonotic infectious pandemics, including the present SARS-CoV-2 event through unprecedently rapid vaccine development. In the future these advances will hopefully also enable more targeted prevention and treatment of disease. However, past and present shortcomings of most of the COVID-19 pandemic responses illustrate just how difficult it is to persuade enough people - and especially political leaders - to adopt societally beneficial risk-avoidance behaviors and policies, even as these become better understood.

[Development and use of vaccines from the 18th century to the SARS-CoV 2 period].

This review is about the development and use of vaccines from the early smallpox vaccine in the 18th century to the forthcoming SARS-CoV 2 vaccines. Immunisations have been of paramount importance for childhood mortality and public health in general, but some obstacles have also been encountered such as vaccine failures and vaccine scepticism. This calls for continued emphasis on large phase three studies not only for demonstration of efficacy but also for safety and possible side effects. The rapid approval of SARS-CoV 2 vaccines requires special attention.

Vacinas / Vaccines

Apresenta breve histórico sobre o desenvolvimento de vacinas, o que são as vacinas e porque vacinamos. Comenta sobre a vanguarda do Brasil nos programas de vacinação no século XXI

Vaccines and Homeopathy.

The title refers to the conceptual quality of being similar, as a kind of resemblance between both procedures.

Los orígenes de la vacuna / The origins of the vaccine

La medicina china y su cultura ancestral parecen tener los antecedentes más remotos de los intentos por prevenir o curar el azote epidemiológico de esa época: la viruela. Estos conocimientos empíricos llegaron al Asia Central y Europa, y algunos granjeros hicieron observaciones de la utilidad de la inoculación o variolización sin llegar a documentar sus ensayos en la comunidad científica. El mérito de Edward Jenner reconocido como el descubridor de la vacuna antivariólica, radica en haber demostrado con evidencia práctica la protección conferida frente a la enfermedad por la administración en un niño sano de un material proveniente de una persona con lesiones causadas por el cowpox, virus de la viruela vacuna. Desde Europa en el siglo XVIII y comienzos del siglo XIX, la inoculación primero y luego la vacunación llegan a Hispanoamérica por vías informales o por determinación de la corona como un servicio a las colonias. La vacunación antivariólica tuvo el valor agregado de motivar y convencer a las autoridades gubernamentales sobre la necesidad de implementar políticas de salud pública para responder a las necesidades sanitarias de la población. En Chile, Fray Pedro Manuel Chaparro fue el pionero en la aplicación y difusión de la vacuna, realizó la primera campaña nacional y se cuenta entre los padres de la salud pública nacional.

Chinese medicine and its ancestral culture seem to have the most remote history of attempts to prevent or cure the epidemiological scourge of that era: smallpox. This empirical knowledge reached Central Asia and Europe, and some farmers made observations of the usefulness of inoculation or variolization without documenting their trials to the scientific community. The merit of Edward Jenner, recognized as the discoverer of the smallpox vaccine, lies in having demonstrated with practical evidence the protection conferred against the disease by the administration in a healthy child of a material from a person with cowpox lesions. From Europe in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, first inoculation and then vaccination arrive in Latin America by informal means or by determination of the crown as a service to the colonies. Smallpox vaccination had the added value of motivating and convincing government authorities about the need to implement public health policies to respond to the health needs of the population. In Chile, Fray Pedro Manuel Chaparro was the pioneer in the application and diffusion of the vaccine, conducted the first national campaign and is counted among the parents of national public health.

COVID-19 y otras pandemias / COVID-19 and other pandemics

No disponible

Quo vadis en vacunas: desde la aproximación empírica a la nueva oleada tecnológica / Quo vadis in vaccines: from the empirical approach to the new wave of technology

El desarrollo de vacunas es un proceso multifactorial que ha evolucionado especialmente en las últimas décadas. La búsqueda de vacunas inmunógenas que resulten suficientemente seguras y tolerables ha dado lugar a sucesivos avances tecnológicos en este campo. Históricamente la tecnología aplicada a las vacunas puede dividirse en 3 aproximaciones: la empírica, la moderna y la nueva oleada tecnológica. Dentro de la primera se encuentran las vacunas basadas en microorganismos enteros, las técnicas de atenuación, inactivación, los cultivos celulares y las vacunas de subunidades. En la época moderna destacan los avances relacionados con la conjugación química, así como la tecnología de ADN recombinante y la vacunología inversa. Finalmente, en la nueva oleada tecnológica se incluye, entre otros, la bioconjugación, los vectores virales, la biología sintética, la autoamplificación del ARN mensajero, los módulos generalizados para antígenos de membrana, la vacunología estructural y los nuevos adyuvantes

The development of vaccines is a multifactorial process that has evolved and expanded, particularly over the last decades. The search for immunogenic vaccines that are also acceptably safe and tolerable enacted continuous technological advances in this field. In this regard, the technology applied to vaccines can historically be divided into 3 approaches: the empirical approach, the modern approach, and the new technological wave. The empirical approach for vaccine development includes whole micro-organisms, attenuation, inactivation, cell cultures and sub-unit vaccines. The modern approach contributed to leaps and bounds to vaccine development using chemical conjugation, as well as recombinant protein DNA technology and reverse vaccinology. Lastly, the new technological wave includes, among others, bioconjugation, viral vectors, synthetic biology, self-amplification of messenger RNA, generalized modules for membrane antigens, structural vaccinology and the new adjuvants

Army Liposome Formulation (ALF) family of vaccine adjuvants.

Introduction: From its earliest days, the US. military has embraced the use of vaccines to fight infectious diseases. The Army Liposome Formulation (ALF) has been a pivotal innovation as a vaccine adjuvant that provides excellent safety and potency and could lead to dual-use military and civilian benefits. For protection of personnel against difficult disease threats found in many areas of the world, Army vaccine scientists have created novel liposome-based vaccine adjuvants.Areas covered: ALF consists of liposomes containing saturated phospholipids, cholesterol, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as an immunostimulant. ALF exhibited safety and strong potency in many vaccine clinical trials. Improvements based on ALF include: ALF adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide (ALFA); ALF containing QS21 saponin (ALFQ); and ALFQ adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide (ALFQA). Preclinical safety and efficacy studies with ALF, LFA, ALFQ, and ALFQA are discussed in preparation for upcoming vaccine trials targeting malaria, HIV-1, bacterial diarrhea, and opioid addiction.Expert opinion: The introduction of ALF in the 1980s stimulated commercial interest in vaccines to infectious diseases, and therapeutic vaccines to cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. It is likely that ALF, ALFA, and ALFQ, will provide momentum for new types of modern vaccines with improved efficacy and safety.

[Vaccine hesitancy in Spain (1801), Ruiz de Luzuriaga responses in defense of vaccination]. / La duda vacunal en España (1801), Ruiz de Luzuriaga en defensa de la vacunación.

The rapid diffusion of the jennerian method was founded in simplicity to practice, in its apparent effectiveness in combating smallpox and its epidemiological opportunity, as it appeared at the time of greatest recrudescence of the disease. The initial impulse for it's propagation, which originated a recognized movement to protect population health, was not without controversy. At the same time that defenders of the vaccine were added, opposite opinions appeared that used diverse critics to discredit it. The most common was to reveal their alleged failures using the media of the time, so cases were reported that occurred in the children of notable people in society. Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1763-1822), as secretary of the Royal Academy of Medicine he assumed a catalytic role, becoming the protagonist of the initial history of vaccination in Spain. It has been considered as an introducer, disseminator and ardent defender of the vaccine, as can be seen from the analysis of the bulky correspondence generated between 1801 and 1802 cataloged as "Papeles sobre la vacuna". These documents, preserved in the Academy library, show their activity as a propagator of the method and its capacity to respond to the doubts and concerns related to their possible adverse effects, avoiding jeopardizing the continuity of vaccines.

La rápida difusión del método jenneriano se cimentó en la sencillez para practicarlo, en su aparente eficacia para combatir las viruelas y en su oportunidad epidemiológica, ya que apareció en el momento de mayor recrudecimiento de la enfermedad. El impulso inicial para su propagación, que originó un reconocido movimiento de protección de la salud poblacional, no estuvo exento de controversia. A la vez que se iban sumando defensores de la vacuna, aparecían opiniones contrarias que utilizaban críticas diversas para desprestigiarla. La más común era divulgar sus supuestos fracasos utilizando los medios de comunicación de la época, para lo que se aireaban casos ocurridos en los hijos de personalidades notables de la sociedad. Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1763-1822), en calidad de secretario de la Real Academia de Medicina Matritense asumió un papel catalizador, convirtiéndose en protagonista de la historia inicial de la vacunación en España. Ha sido considerado como introductor, divulgador y ardiente defensor de la vacuna, tal como se desprende del análisis de la abultada correspondencia que generó entre 1801 y 1802, catalogada como "Papeles sobre la vacuna". Estos documentos, conservados en la biblioteca de la Academia, muestran su actividad como propagador del método y de su capacidad para dar respuesta a las dudas e inquietudes relacionadas con sus posibles efectos adversos, evitando que se pusiera en peligro la continuidad de las vacunaciones.

[Quo vadis in vaccines: From the empirical approach to the new wave of technology]. / Quo vadis en vacunas: desde la aproximación empírica a la nueva oleada tecnológica.

The development of vaccines is a multifactorial process that has evolved and expanded, particularly over the last decades. The search for immunogenic vaccines that are also acceptably safe and tolerable enacted continuous technological advances in this field. In this regard, the technology applied to vaccines can historically be divided into 3 approaches: the empirical approach, the modern approach, and the new technological wave. The empirical approach for vaccine development includes whole micro-organisms, attenuation, inactivation, cell cultures and sub-unit vaccines. The modern approach contributed to leaps and bounds to vaccine development using chemical conjugation, as well as recombinant protein DNA technology and reverse vaccinology. Lastly, the new technological wave includes, among others, bioconjugation, viral vectors, synthetic biology, self-amplification of messenger RNA, generalized modules for membrane antigens, structural vaccinology and the new adjuvants.

Sir Matthew Tierney and the foundation of the 1804 Sussex Vaccine Institution.

Irish physician Sir Matthew John Tierney (1776-1845) was a vaccine pioneer who learnt the procedure directly from Edward Jenner in Gloucestershire. In 1802 Tierney completed an MD at Glasgow on vaccination and moved to Brighton, where he was appointed physician to the Prince of Wales (the future King George IV). This paper considers Tierney's role in the foundation of the 1804 Sussex Vaccine Institution. Tierney was the first president of the Institution's Medical Council. His leadership lay in his knowledge of vaccination (including transporting cowpox material) and his close relationship with the Prince of Wales. The Institution's official name was the Royal Sussex Jennerian Society for the Extermination of the Small-pox and offered vaccination at 16 stations across the county and one in Kent. Vaccination was undertaken by local surgeons at their houses at set hours. In its first year, the Institution vaccinated 946 individuals, of whom 509 for free. Despite this, concerns were raised over uptake by poorer members of society. The Institution's Brighton station was probably absorbed into the new 1809 dispensary. Tierney's promotion of vaccination and instructions for new practitioners represent the embryonic beginnings of evidence-based medicine and modern medical education in Brighton.

Keeping Vaccination Simple: Building French Immunization Schedules, 1959-1999.

This article explores the history of the immunization schedule-a table that orders mandatory and recommended vaccines and their boosters through time. My study focuses on France, from the late 1950s to the 1990s. A couple of conferences at the turn of the 1960s set the parameters for immunization schedules, providing insights into their expected disciplinary functions. In the wake of these conferences, a long series of clinical trials aimed to simplify and rationalize the schedules. These trials were carried out by the International Children's Center (ICC), an institution whose aim transitioned in the mid-1960s from the standardization of the sole vaccine against tuberculosis to the simplification of the expanding immunization device for children. I draw from the ICC's experimental work on schedules to define "simplification" with regard to the notion of standardization.

Las vacunas en el siglo XIX / No disponible

Durante la mayor parte del siglo XIX, la única vacuna disponible fue la antivariólica, utilizada desde 1796. Casi un siglo después, en la década de los 80 del siglo XIX, las aportaciones de Pasteur contribuyeron decisivamente a mejorar la situación, al descubrir, en 1885, la vacuna antirrábica: ese mismo año, Jaime Ferrán descubrió la vacuna anticolérica, la primera obtenida frente a una enfermedad bacteriana. En la década siguiente, los avances logrados permitieron disponer de dos nuevas vacunas, y así finalizó el siglo, con cinco nuevas vacunas descubiertas: frente a la viruela, la rabia, el cólera, la fiebre tifoidea y la peste. Eran los primeros pasos de una investigación que en el siglo XX tendría un desarrollo extraordinario en la prevención de distintas enfermedades infecciosas y en la reducción de la morbilidad y mortalidad de algunas enfermedades que habían sido un azote para la humanidad en los siglos anteriores

The only vaccine used for the most part of the XIX century was that of the vaccine against smallpox, used since 1796. In the decade of the 80s of the XIX century, almost a century after its discovery, Pasteur's research allowed to obtain the vaccine against rabies. Jaime Ferrán discovered the vaccine against cholera in that very same year, first vaccine used against a disease caused by bacteria. New vaccines were discovered in the following decade bringing to five the number of vaccines known at the end of that century. That allowed immunization against small-pox, cholera, rabies, typhoid fever and plague. Thus, a period began in the XX century, that would bring an extraordinary development in the prevention of several infectious diseases. Along with it came a substantial reduction in the morbidity and mortality that some of these diseases had caused humanity du-ring the centuries before

La duda vacunal en España (1801), Ruiz de Luzuriaga en defensa de la vacunación / Vaccine hesitancy in Spain (1801), Ruiz de Luzuriaga responses in defense of vaccination

La rápida difusión del método jenneriano se cimentó en la sencillez para practicarlo, en su aparente eficacia para combatir las viruelas y en su oportunidad epidemiológica, ya que apareció en el momento de mayor recrudecimiento de la enfermedad. El impulso inicial para su propagación, que originó un reconocido movimiento de protección de la salud poblacional, no estuvo exento de controversia. A la vez que se iban sumando defensores de la vacuna, aparecían opiniones contrarias que utilizaban críticas diversas para desprestigiarla. La más común era divulgar sus supuestos fracasos utilizando los medios de comunicación de la época, para lo que se aireaban casos ocurridos en los hijos de personalidades notables de la sociedad. Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1763-1822), en calidad de secretario de la Real Academia de Medicina Matritense asumió un papel catalizador, convirtiéndose en protagonista de la historia inicial de la vacunación en España. Ha sido considerado como introductor, divulgador y ardiente defensor de la vacuna, tal como se desprende del análisis de la abultada correspondencia que generó entre 1801 y 1802, catalogada como "Papeles sobre la vacuna". Estos documentos, conservados en la biblioteca de la Academia, muestran su actividad como propagador del método y de su capacidad para dar respuesta a las dudas e inquietudes relacionadas con sus posibles efectos adversos, evitando que se pusiera en peligro la continuidad de las vacunaciones

The rapid diffusion of the jennerian method was founded in simplicity to practice, in its apparent effectiveness in combating smallpox and its epidemiological opportunity, as it appeared at the time of greatest recrudescence of the disease. The initial impulse for it's propagation, which originated a recognized movement to protect population health, was not without controversy. At the same time that defenders of the vaccine were added, opposite opinions appeared that used diverse critics to discredit it. The most common was to reveal their alleged failures using the media of the time, so cases were reported that occurred in the children of notable people in society. Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1763-1822), as secretary of the Royal Academy of Medicine he assumed a catalytic role, becoming the protagonist of the initial history of vaccination in Spain. It has been considered as an introducer, disseminator and ardent defender of the vaccine, as can be seen from the analysis of the bulky correspondence generated between 1801 and 1802 cataloged as "Papeles sobre la vacuna". These documents, preserved in the Academy library, show their activity as a propagator of the method and its capacity to respond to the doubts and concerns related to their possible adverse effects, avoiding jeopardizing the continuity of vaccines